铁活化过二硫酸盐湿法氧化去除一甲胺恶臭气体

CH₃NH₂(一甲胺)作为一种重要的工业原料而被大量使用,其嗅阈值低,具有刺鼻的鱼臭味,是一种典型的恶臭气体. 选取PS(过二硫酸盐)作为氧化剂,采用湿法吸收氧化去除CH₃NH₂. 在探讨CH₃NH₂的吸收性能的基础上,比较了4种方式〔Fe2+活化PS、CA(柠檬酸)螯合Fe2+活化PS、Fe0活化PS、CA联合Fe0活化PS〕对CH₃NH₂湿法氧化去除效果的影响. 结果表明:CH₃NH₂ 气体在酸性条件下易溶于水;单独用Fe2+或Fe0活化PS处理CH₃NH₂时,Fe0活化后的去除效果明显优于Fe2+;然而,在联合使用螯合剂CA之后,Fe2+活化的去除效果反而优于Fe0. CA螯合Fe2+的CH₃NH₂去除率由单独Fe2+活化时的32%升至64%,Fe0活化与CA联合Fe0活化去除率均提升至40%. 究其原因,可能是由于不同活化方式下Fe2+释放速率不同所致,释放速率直接影响了Fe2+的存在时间,Fe2+活化PS速率对于氧化去除效果有影响,并最终影响CH₃NH₂的脱除.      

2-丁烯醛生产废水对厌氧生物处理的毒性

以厌氧颗粒污泥为受试生物、乙酸钠为底物,研究了2-丁烯醛废水的厌氧处理毒性及污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的组成变化.结果表明,2-丁烯醛废水COD￡850mg/L时,厌氧颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性(SMA)几乎不受影响;当废水COD从2125mg/L提高到4249mg/L时,厌氧颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性(SMA)从70.5mLCH4/(gVSS·d)降低至9.4mLCH4/(gVSS·d);COD为8499mg/L时,厌氧颗粒污泥的SMA仅为4.7mLCH4/(gVSS·d),且废水中有毒物质表现为杀菌性毒素.随着COD升高,EPS(TOC表征)、多聚糖、蛋白质含量呈现先降低后升高趋势.三维荧光光谱结果显示,不同COD条件下EPS荧光峰数量及位置相同,分别为类酪氨酸荧光峰peak A (λex/λem=275nm/305nm)、类色氨酸荧光峰Peak B (λex/λem=275nm/350nm)、辅酶F420贡献的荧光峰Peak C (λex/λem=415nm/470nm)及类富里酸荧光峰Peak D (λex/λem=335nm/450nm),其中荧光峰peak A和peak B峰强度较强.     

污水处理厂低温等离子体恶臭治理技术

利用低温等离子体技术处理污水厂恶臭气体,是一种新的技术。介绍了该技术处理恶臭的机理和相关工程的工艺流程以及处理效果,实际应用表明该技术对污水处理厂恶臭气体的治理是十分有效的。     

美缝剂TVOC释放量与释放规律的测试与分析

提出了环境舱法测试美缝剂总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)释放量的方法,对市场常见的美缝剂产品的TVOC进行了测试,并研究了美缝剂的TVOC释放规律和主要污染物.同时对美缝剂的甲醛释放量进行了测试.通过对16种环氧树脂美缝剂产品的数据分析显示,美缝剂产品的甲醛释放量风险较低;75%的产品在第7天的TVOC释放量可达到500μg·m^-3以下.但个别产品在28 d时仍有明显的VOC释放,显示其具有长期缓慢释放的特点.美缝剂释放的主要污染物为苯甲醛与苯甲醇,个别产品检出有甲苯和邻苯二甲酸酯类物质.     

制药废水中磷霉素和α-苯乙胺的生物降解及相互作用

以比耗氧速率SOUR、呼吸抑制率和发光细菌光损失为衡量指标, 研究了在磷霉素、α-苯乙胺及其混合物作用下,活性污泥和发光细菌的可生化性和急性毒性的变化.结果表明, α-苯乙胺的急性毒性和对活性污泥的呼吸抑制率均大于磷霉素. α-苯乙胺与磷霉素混合液的可生化性和急性毒性两者在混合物中的比例有关,当α-苯乙胺所占比例低于25%时,混合液的可生化性基本不受两者比例的影响;但当α-苯乙胺所占比例高于25%时,混合液的可生化性随着α-苯乙胺所占比例的增加而降低.当混合液中α-苯乙胺所占比例为25%时,其急性毒性最低.     

特异性拟杆菌引物在珠江三角洲的适应性研究

在珠江三角洲地区采集人、猪、牛、狗以及家禽等33个粪便样品,高效提取基因组DNA,选取14种特异性拟杆菌引物进行检验分析,并进一步采用已知污染源类型的水样对其进行验证.结果表明:采用粪便样品DNA专属提取试剂盒和水体样品DNA专属提取试剂盒提取的基因组模版纯度和提取率均符合后续实验要求.拟杆菌通用引物2#(Bac32F/Bac708R)检出率为85%(28/33),特别是对哺乳类动物和鸡的粪便具有更高的检出率.人的拟杆菌特异性引物3#(HF134F/ Bac708R)和4#(HF183F/Bac708R)、反刍动物的拟杆菌特异性引物8#(CF128F/Bac708R)以及猪的拟杆菌特异性引物10#(PF163F/Bac708R)在珠江三角洲地区同时具有较高的灵敏度和较强的特异性.水体样品验证实验与实际污染类型相符,说明拟杆菌通用引物2#、人的特异性引物3# 和4# 以及猪的特异性引物10# 在珠江三角洲地区具有很好的适用性.     

膜生物反应器中EPS的提取方法

以一体式膜生物反应器(MBR)中的活性污泥为对象,以蛋白质、多糖和核酸的提取量作为污泥中附着性胞外聚合物(B-EPS)提取总量的衡量指标,研究了加热法、超声法、NaOH+甲醛法、高速离心法、蒸汽法、硫酸法等6种不同方法对B-EPS提取的最优条件;并在最优提取条件下对B-EPS提取总量进行比较分析,确定最佳B-EPS提取方法。结果表明:超声提取法、高速离心提取法、蒸汽提取法、硫酸提取法对B-EPS的提取总量较低;NaOH+甲醛法对B-EPS的提取总量虽然较高,但易导致测定出现误差,且抽滤时有结晶,影响操作;加热法对B-EPS提取效果较好,对细胞破坏程度小,且操作过程简单。因此,确定加热法为B-EPS的最佳提取方法。     

多基质时厌氧氨氧化菌、异养反硝化污泥活性及抑制特征

以厌氧氨氧化污泥(AAOB)和各种有机物混合,AAOB分别与异养甲醇反硝化菌和城市污水处理厂活性污泥相混合为研究对象,考察了多种基质(醇类、糖类)时自养、异养反硝化菌群的活性及其相应的抑制特征.结果表明,醇类有机物对AAOB的活性有明显抑制作用,甲醇的抑制性最强,当甲醇为5.48mmol/L时,AAOB活性了损失2/3.而乙酸钠对AAOB有一定的促进作用,另外,葡萄糖、乳糖和蔗糖等糖类有机物对AAOB的影响较小.此外,试验发现经驯化的甲醇反硝化菌能利用各种醇类完成异养短程反硝化.对于活性污泥,利用乙酸钠实现短程反硝化的能力优于甲醇、乙醇、葡萄糖和乳糖.混合试验中,正丙醇导致AAOB和甲醇反硝化菌混合菌群中AAOB活性下降,并且在与甲醇反硝化菌的竞争中处于劣势.乙酸钠对于AAOB和活性污泥混合菌群中AAOB的影响较小.     

Application of rotating cylinder method for ecotoxicological evaluation of antifouling paints

The environmental impact of two biocide-free antifouling paints, fluoropolymer and silicone types, painted on a test cylinder was assessed using a battery of ecotoxicity test and chemical analyses for organic micro-pollutants such as perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). A biocide paint containing zinc pyrithione (ZnPT₂) and cuprous oxide was assessed as a positive control. A standardized laboratory rotating-cylinder method using each test cylinder with artificial seawater was performed for 45 days. After 1?h rotation, the leaked seawater was subjected for bioassay and chemical analyses twice weekly. The seawater extracts from the biocide paint showed adverse effects on bacteria, algae, and crustaceans, but those from the biocide-free paints did not. The leakage seawater from biocide-free paints, after 7-day continuous rotation, contained the same concentration levels of PFAS as blank seawater used to conduct the tests. Thus, no significant toxicities of the biocide-free paints were found under the conditions of this study. Simultaneous analysis of ZnPT₂ and copper pyrithione (CuPT₂) was developed using an HPLC with a polymeric resin column, showing that ZnPT₂ was converted to CuPT₂ by trans-chelation in the leakage seawater from the positive control paint. The experimental results using a laboratory rotating-cylinder method demonstrated that biocide-free paints did not markedly affect three species tested and no PFAS was detected. In contrast, biocide paint was significantly toxic to test species and toxicity of the extract on bacteria was partly responsible for CuPT₂ produced in leakage seawater. Thus, a laboratory rotating-cylinder method may be applied for ecotoxicological assessment of antifouling paints.     

Estimation of Similarity in the Qualitative Composition of Humic Substance in Marine Sediments By Means of an Uv-Spectroscopic Library

In this paper a method for the study of the qualitative similarity of extractable humic substance (EHS) in marine sediments based on the realisation of UV spectral library of EHS is described. the spectral library was built including the digitised spectra of humic substance extracted from several marine sediments (46 samples) and two samples of standard materials (lignin sulphonate and humic substance) in a Statistica data file. the data matrix was elaborated by means of different multivariate statistic techniques such as Cluster Analysis (CA), Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and the univariate technique Spectral Correlation Analysis (SCA). This approach allows us to show the contribution of different organic compounds (aromatic, lipid and acid) to the composition of EHS and moreover it evidences also the structural characteristics of EHS in terms of similarities in the qualitative composition of samples such as presence of terrestrial and/or vegetal contributions. the UV library is an objective tool to study the qualitative composition of EHS and it represents a complementary approach to the most common methods based on the application of spectroscopic (IR, ¹³CNMR), potentiometric and chromatographic techniques.